Calidad del seguimiento a la exposición perinatal al HIV y observancia de las estrategias reconocidas para disminuir su transmisión en un centro de referencia de Medellín / Follow up of HIV perinatal exposure and accomplishment of strategies to reduce the risk of viral transmission, experience in a reference hospital in Medellín

Resumen Introducción. La prevención de la transmisión materno-infantil del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV) es una estrategia fundamental para evitar la infección en niños. A nivel local, se desconoce la situación de las mujeres gestantes infectadas por HIV y el grado de observancia de las estrategias reconocidas mundialmente para disminuir la transmisión perinatal. Objetivo. Describir las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de las mujeres gestantes con HIV y de sus hijos en un centro de referencia de Medellín. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo entre 2012 y 2015 mediante la revisión de las historias clínicas de las mujeres gestantes con HIV y de sus neonatos habidos en partos atendidos en el Hospital San Vicente Fundación. Se describieron las variables de atención prenatal, parto, recién nacido y seguimiento de los neonatos. Resultados. Se analizaron 106 madres y sus hijos expuestos al HIV. El 39,6 % de las mujeres gestantes conocía el diagnóstico antes del embarazo y al 58,5 % se le diagnosticó durante este. El 95,3 % de las mujeres gestantes asistió a control prenatal, 46,5 % de ellas a partir del primer trimestre. Si bien el 95 % recibió antirretrovirales, el 23,9 % comenzó a tomarlos tardíamente en el tercer trimestre. Solo el 63 % de las mujeres registró carga viral para el HIV después de la semana 34 de gestación. El 90,6 % de los partos fueron por cesárea, y el virus del papiloma humano y la sífilis fueron las principales infecciones concomitantes. Se hizo seguimiento de 103 niños (no fue posible localizar a tres de ellos para el seguimiento), a ninguno se le confirmó la presencia del HIV y, en el 88 %, se descartó. Conclusiones. En este estudio, no se registraron casos de transmisión perinatal. Sin embargo, siguen presentándose fallas y retrasos en la atención prenatal y en la oportunidad del seguimiento materno para confirmar oportunamente el HIV y para detectar tempranamente infecciones maternas concomitantes que eviten la morbilidad y las secuelas en los neonatos.

Abstract Introduction: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is essential to limit the spread of the disease. Colombian data about HIV infection in pregnancy are scarce, as well as on the results of the strategies used worldwide to reduce perinatal transmission. Objective: To describe the characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women infected with HIV and their children in a reference center in Medellín. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study for the 2012- 2015 period by studying the clinical records of newborns exposed to HIV and their mothers. We evaluated the characteristics of prenatal care, deliveries, and infant postnatal care, as well as the follow-up data to confirm or exclude HIV transmission. Results: We included 106 infants and their mothers. We found that 39,6% of mothers knew about the HIV diagnosis before pregnancy and 58,5% were diagnosed during pregnancy; 95.3% of them attended prenatal controls, but only 46.5% as of the first trimester; 95% of them received antiretrovirals, but 23.9% started therapy just during the third trimester. Only 63% of women had a viral load for HIV after 34 weeks of gestation. None of the 103 children with follow up had confirmed presence for HIV and in 88% of them, it was discarded. Conclusions: No cases of perinatal HIV transmission were found in the study. However, difficulties and delays persist in prenatal care, in timely maternal follow-up to confirm or discard HIV, and for early detection of maternal co-infections and their effects on newborns.

Demandas de cuidado domiciliar da criança nascida exposta ao HIV na ótica da teoria ambientalista / Demandas de cuidados en casa del niño nacido expuesto al VIH en la óptica de la teoría ambientalista / Demands of home care of children born exposed to HIV in the perspective of the environmental theory

Objetivou-se identificar as demandas de cuidado domiciliar da criança nascida exposta ao HIV, sob a perspectiva da teoria ambientalista. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo exploratório-descritivo realizado de janeiro a abril de 2011. Participaram dez mães infectadas pelo HIV, com crianças nascidas expostas ao vírus, em Fortaleza, Ceará. Constituíram-se como instrumentos de coleta de dados: câmera fotográfica descartável e digital e formulários para captação de informações em saúde associadas ao ambiente domiciliar. Os resultados foram contextualizados de acordo com a teoria e organizados em categorias: "vulnerabilidades associadas à estrutura física da moradia"; "ar intradomiciliar e peridomiciliar impuro"; "água utilizada para consumo"; "rede de esgoto e saneamento"; "iluminação e ventilação da residência". Conclui-se que o ambiente domiciliar oferece condições ambientais desfavoráveis para a criança. Urge a realização de intervenções focalizadas no ambiente domiciliar, para promover a saúde da criança nascida exposta ao HIV.

Se objetivó identificar las demandas de atención en el hogar de los niños nacidos expuestos al VIH en la perspectiva de la teoría ambientalista. Estudio cualitativo exploratorio-descriptivo realizado entre enero y abril de 2011. Participaron diez madres VIH-positivas con bebés expuestos al virus, en Fortaleza, Ceará. Fueron instrumentos de recolección de datos: cámara desechable y digital y formularios para capturar información sobre la salud asociada con el ambiente del hogar. Los resultados fueron contextualizados de acuerdo a la teoría y organizado en categorías: vulnerabilidades asociadas con la estructura física de la casa; aire intra y peridoméstico impuro; agua utilizada para el consumo; saneamiento y alcantarillado; iluminación y ventilación de la residencia. Se concluye que el hogar ofrece condiciones ambientales desfavorables para el niño. Hay necesidad de intervenciones específicas en el entorno del hogar para promover la salud de los niños nacidos expuestos al VIH.

The purpose of this study was to identify the demands of home care of children born exposed to HIV in the perspective of the environmental theory. It consists of an exploratory descriptive qualitative study, developed between January and April of 2011. Study participants were ten HIV-infected mothers with infants exposed to the virus, living in Fortaleza, Ceará. The data collection instruments included: a disposable digital camera and forms to obtain information on health associated with the home environment. Results were contextualized according to the theory and organized into the following categories: vulnerabilities associated with the physical structure of the house; contaminated intra and peridomestic air; unclean water used for drinking; sanitation and sewerage system; lighting and ventilation of the house. In conclusion, the home environment offers unfavorable environmental conditions for the child. Targeted interventions in the home environment are necessary so as to promote the health of children born exposed to HIV.

Eventos adversos supuestamente atribuibles a la vacunación e inmunización en hijos de madres infectadas con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana / Supposedly attributable to vaccination and immunization in children of mothers infected with human immunodeficiency virus adverse events

Introducción: las vacunas son una de las intervenciones sanitarias más importantes y difundidas. La monitorización de su seguridad a través del registro de eventos adversos es imprescindible. Los hijos de madre infectada por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), expuestos,infectados o serorrevertidos son un grupo particular de individuos dentro del esquema de inmunización. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir la frecuencia de eventos adversos supuestamente atribuibles a la vacunación e inmunización (ESAVI) en los hijos de madres infectadas con VIH. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal entre el 1º de setiembre de 2008 y el 28 de febrero de 2011 en el Centro Nacional de Referencia Obstétrico-Pediátrico VIH-SIDA del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell con los pacientes allí controlados ( infectados y no infectados) que requerían vacunación en sus controles. Se registró el porcentaje y tipo de eventos producidos. Resultados: de 189 pacientes, 110 (58%) entregaron el formulario con un total de 157 registros. La mediana de edad fue de 2 meses (rango de 2 meses a 17 años). El 63% era menor de 6 meses. De los 110 niños, 34 eran infectados y 76 no infectados. Se registraron eventos adversos en 49 (44,5%) pacientes. Hubo 108 eventos leves y 23 graves. El porcentaje de ESAVI en ambos grupos fue similar (p>0,05). No se registraron hospitalizaciones ni eventos difíciles de catalogar como relacionados a vacunación. Conclusiones: las vacunas administradas en eseperíodo fueron seguras con similares ESAVI en ambos grupos de pacientes. Continuar vigilando la aparición de ESAVI y comparar los resultados año a año será importante para actualizar recomendaciones y garantizar la seguridad de los pacientes y sus cuidadores.

Comparación de tres estrategias de tamizaje para la prevención de la infección perinatal por VIH en Colombia: análisis de decisiones / A comparison of three screening strategies for prevention of perinatal HIV infection in Colombia: a decision analysis model

OBJETIVO: Comparar mediante un modelo de análisis de decisiones tres estrategias de tamizaje de la infección por el VIH en mujeres embarazadas según su relación costo-efectividad y proponer la más apropiada para el sistema de salud colombiano. MÉTODOS: Estudio económico basado en el análisis mediante árboles de decisión según tres estrategias de tamizaje de la infección por el VIH en mujeres embarazadas: la voluntaria, la universal y la opcional. Se consideró a todas las mujeres colombianas embarazadas sin diagnóstico de infección por el VIH que se presentaban para el parto. Se emplearon los costos médicos directos desde la realización de la prueba hasta un año después del parto, según el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud. Se compararon las razones costo-efectividad y el ahorro de cada estrategia analizada. RESULTADOS: Por cada 10 000 mujeres, la estrategia universal permitió detectar 5 casos más que la estrategia voluntaria y 7 casos más que la opcional. La estrategia universal generó costos aproximados de US$ 17,00 por cada recién nacido positivo, es decir, menos de la mitad que lo calculado para la estrategia voluntaria (US$ 38,00) y menor que para la opcional (US$ 24,00). Según el análisis bifactorial, la estrategia de tamizaje universal fue menos costosa que la voluntaria y más efectiva que las otras dos estrategias, independientemente de la prevalencia, la tasa de positivos falsos del sistema de diagnóstico empleado y la tasa de aceptación materna para realizarse la prueba de tamizaje. CONCLUSIONES: La estrategia de tamizaje voluntaria, que se utiliza actualmente en Colombia, es más costosa que la universal a mediano y largo plazos y tiene menor efectividad y capacidad de prevención. Se recomienda a las autoridades nacionales de salud realizar el tamizaje de la infección por el VIH a todas las embarazadas colombianas con pruebas de tercera generación.

OBJECTIVES: To apply decision analysis to compare the cost-effectiveness of three strategies for HIV screening of pregnant women and to recommend the one most appropriate for the health care system of Colombia. METHODS: An economic study applying decision analysis to three types of HIV screening of expectant women: voluntary, universal, and optional. All the women in Colombia with unknown HIV status who were admitted for child birth were included. The study included all the direct medical costs incurred from the time of testing through the first year following delivery, according to the General System for Healthcare Social Security. Cost-effectiveness ratio and the savings of each of the strategies were compared. RESULTS: For every 10 000 women, the universal strategy detected five cases more than the voluntary strategy and seven cases more than the optional. The universal strategy carried a cost of approximately US$ 17 for each HIV-positive newborn; that is, less than half of that of the voluntary strategy (US$ 38) and less than the optional (US$ 24). According to the bifactorial analysis, the universal screening strategy was less costly than the voluntary and more effective than both of the others, regardless of prevalence, the false-positive rate of each method, and the rate of maternal compliance with screening. CONCLUSIONS: The screening strategy currently in use in Colombia is more costly (in both the medium- and long-term), less effective, and less capable of prevention, than the universal screening strategy. The recommendation to the national health authorities of Colombia is to begin screening all pregnant women for HIV infection using third-generation testing.

Auditory disorders and acquisition of the ability to localize sound in children born to HIV-positive mothers

The objective of the present study was to evaluate children born to HIV-infected mothers and to determine whether such children present auditory disorders or poor acquisition of the ability to localize sound. The population studied included 143 children (82 males and 61 females), ranging in age from one month to 30 months. The children were divided into three groups according to the classification system devised in 1994 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: infected; seroreverted; and exposed. The children were then submitted to audiological evaluation, including behavioral audiometry, visual reinforcement audiometry and measurement of acoustic immittance. Statistical analysis showed that the incidence of auditory disorders was significantly higher in the infected group. In the seroreverted and exposed groups, there was a marked absence of auditory disorders. In the infected group as a whole, the findings were suggestive of central auditory disorders. Evolution of the ability to localize sound was found to be poorer among the children in the infected group than among those in the seroreverted and exposed groups.

Implementação oportuna de intervenções para reduzir a transmissão vertical do HIV: uma experiência brasileira bem-sucedida / Timely implementation of interventions to reduce vertical HIV transmission: a successful experience in Brazil

OBJETIVO: Descrever o impacto da implementação oportuna de novas condutas recomendadas por consensos clínicos nacionais dirigidos à prevenção da transmissão vertical de HIV na maternidade de um hospital universitário público no Brasil. MÉTODO: Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de coorte dos partos de mulheres infectadas pelo HIV atendidos na instituição de 1990 a 2000. As condutas adotadas nesse período foram: 1) até 1994, amamentação contra-indicada, sem uso de drogas anti-retrovirais; 2) de 1995 a 1996, uso de zidovudina (AZT) pela gestante e pelo recém-nascido; 3) de 1997 a 1998, uso de AZT conforme protocolo ACTG 076; e 4) de 1999 a 2000, terapia anti-retroviral múltipla e cesárea eletiva. Em todos os períodos, a distribuição das drogas foi gratuita. Foram calculadas as taxas de transmissão nas quatro fases e as razões de risco de transmissão congênita para as fases e para cada intervenção profilática (amamentação, tipo de terapia anti-retroviral, tipo de parto). RESULTADOS: Foram estudadas 197 gestações. Houve redução na transmissão vertical da primeira para a quarta fase, de 32,3 para 25,7, 2,2 e 2,9 por cento. A maior queda, observada na terceira fase, ocorreu após a introdução do esquema completo do ACTG 076. O uso de terapia anti-retroviral combinada aumentou de 0 por cento na primeira fase para 46,4 por cento na quarta fase. Não houve nenhum caso de transmissão vertical nas gestantes tratadas com múltiplas drogas. O risco de transmissão vertical foi 5 vezes maior com amamentação do que sem amamentação (razão de risco = 5,06), 5 vezes maior sem terapia anti-retroviral contra uso do esquema ACTG completo (razão de risco = 5,29) e 4 vezes maior para parto com fórcipe contra cesárea eletiva (razão de risco = 4,13). CONCLUSÃO: A adoção oportuna de intervenções atualizadas, recomendadas por consenso nacional de especialistas, com provisão gratuita de drogas, mostrou-se eficiente para reduzir a transmissão congênita do HIV.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the impact, at the public maternity facility of a university hospital in Brazil, of the rapid implementation of new guidelines recommended by national consensus panels concerning the prevention of vertical HIV transmission. METHOD: We performed a retrospective study of deliveries by HIV-infected women at the public maternity facility of a university hospital in the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, from 1990 through 2000. The guidelines utilized at the facility during this period were: (1) from 1990 through 1994, contraindication to breast-feeding and no use of antiretroviral drugs; (2) 1995 and 1996, use of zidovudine (AZT) by the pregnant woman and the newborn; (3) 1997 and 1998, use of AZT according to the ACTG 076 protocol; and (4) 1999 and 2000, multiple antiretroviral agents and elective cesarean delivery. All the antiretroviral drugs were provided for free by Brazil's public health care system. The vertical transmission rate was calculated for each of the four stages, and the risk ratio for congenital transmission was calculated for each stage and for each prophylactic intervention separately (breast-feeding, type of antiretroviral drug, type of delivery). RESULTS: We studied 197 deliveries at the public maternity facility over that 1990-2000 period. Over the four stages, the rate of vertical transmission decreased: it was 32.3 percent in the first stage, 25.7 percent in the second, 2.2 percent in the third, and 2.9 percent in the fourth. The most pronounced decrease, observed from the second to the third stage, occurred after introduction of the full ACTG 076 regimen. The use of combined antiretroviral agents increased from 0 percent in the first stage to 46.4 percent in the fourth stage. There were no cases of vertical transmission in pregnant women treated with multiple drugs. The risk of vertical HIV transmission was 5 times as great with breast-feeding vs. no breast-feeding (risk ratio = 5.06), 5 times...

Cerebral aneurysmal dilatation in an infant with perinatally acquired HIV infection and HSV encephalitis

Although most children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have neurological dysfunction, in childhood the incidence of symptomatic cerebrovascular disease is low. Cerebral aneurysmal arteriopathy in childhood AIDS has been reported in the past and considered to have a relatively long latency following the primary infection. We report a 1 month-old infant with congenitally acquired HIV infection, and herpes encephalitis; she presented a sudden cardiorespiratory arrest followed by coma and was found to have a giant saccular aneurysm of the left basilar artery. Literature review showed that cerebral aneurysmal artheriopathy is an unusual manifestation in newborns and infants and this case is possibly the youngest patient reported with aneurysma, herpes encephalitis and AIDS. The role of HIV and herpes simplex infections in the pathogenesis of this lesion is discussed

Avaliaçäo do sistema complemento em crianças, em diversos estádios da infecçäo pelo HIV: correlaçäo clínico-laboratorial / Evaluation of complement system in children in different phases of HIV infection: clinical and laboratorial correlation

Objetivo: A ativaçäo do complemento foi demonstrada em pacientes adultos infectados pelo HIV, no entanto, poucas informaçöes estäo disponíveis em crianças infectadas no período perinatal. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a funçäo do sistema complemento em crianças infectads pelo HIV. Método: 127 crianças infectads pelo HIV no período neonatal (onze a 134 meses, 62 do sexo masculino: 65 do sexo feminino) foram incluídas e classificadas de acordo com os critérios clínicos e imunológicos do Centro de Controle de Doenças (Atlanta, EUA), de 1994. O diagnóstico da ativaçäo do sistema complemento foi realizado pelos seguintes ensaios: CH50 para via clássica, APH50 para via alternativa (APH50), ELISA para via das lectinas (MBL) e 'rocket' imunoeletroforese para o produto de C3,C3dg/C3d. Resultados: As infecçöes mais freqüentes foram: pneumonia bacteriana, otite, diarréia e infecçöes oportunistas como pneumonia por Pneumocystis carinii e tuberculose (31,5 por cento). A miocardiopatia foi a única apresentaçäo clínica que se relacionou com o estado imunológico (categoria 3). Nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significante nas funçöes da via clássica e alternativa foi observada entre os pacientes das diferentes categorias. Valores médios aumentados de CH50, APH50 e MBL foram verificados em pacientes nos estádios mais avançados da doença. Níveis elevados de C3d na maioria dos pacientes indicam que o complemento encontra-se ativado durante a infecçäo pelo HIV em crianças. CH50, APH50, e MBL estavam abaixo dos limites inferiores em duas, dez e duas crianças, respectivamente.

SIDA y embarazo / AIDS and pregnancy

En México cerca del 70 por ciento de las mujeres infectadas por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), se encuentran entre los 15 y 44 años de edad, siendo la vía sexual la forma más común de contagio; por estos motivos la posibilidad de asociación entre la infección por el VIH y embarazo es alta. El objetivo del presente artículo fue describir la frecuencia, evaluación y repercusión perinatal de las pacientes seropositivas al VIH atendidas en el Instituto Nacional de perinatología (INPer), mediante un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y transversal. El período de estudio comprendió de enero de 1994 a diciembre de 1996. Se analizaron 19 embarazadas. La vía de contagio fue sexual en 16 de ellas. Una cumplía en criterios diagnóstico de SIDA, el resto sólo eran portadoras del VIH. Diez y ocho de los productos nacieron a término con un peso promedio de 3159 g. Hasta la fecha de corte para el informe, cuatro de los productos (22 por ciento) se han identificado como infectados, habiendo fallecido durante su primer año de vida

Infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en niños: nueve años de seguimiento / Human immunodeficiency virus infection in children: 9 years follow up

The first chilean pediatric AIDS patients, horizontally and vertically infected, were detected in 1987 and 1989 respectively. In 1990, the National Pediatric AIDS Committee of the Chilean Pediatric Society was founded. To october 1997, 68 newborn of 259 HIV pregnant women (26,7 percent) acquired the infection with a global lethality of 36,5 percent. In those treated (antiretroviral therapy, monthly intravenous immunoglobulin and cotrimoxazol) the observed lethality was 25,8 percent. Mean survival was 47 month (3-184). From 1995 the ACTG-076 protocol was introduced (sometimes partially implemented) reducing vertical transmission from 27,0 to 13,2 percent. Nowadays vertically transmitted infection is confirmed or ruled out before 3 months of age employing ELISA and IFA for antibodies detection, P24 antigen search and PCR. Committee Recommendations for AIDS treatment: Antiretroviral therapy must be administered to all newborn of pregnant women in the ACTG-076 protocol and to all siblings with confirmed infection independently of their clinical/immunological cathegory or viral load. Resource restrictions may oblite specialists to prefer symptomatic patients or those with CD4 counts deterioration for antiviral treatment. A modern anti VIH treatment must include: 2 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nucleoside or no nucleoside analogues) plus one protease inhibitor depending on clinical individual situation and drugs disponibility. Besides, intravenous immunoglobulin must be prescribed monthly to all symptomatic patients

AIDS no periodo neonatal: relato de caso / AIDS in the neonatal period: case report

Os autores relatam um caso de uma crianca contaminada pelo virus HIV por via transplacentaria, que demonstrou sinais de doenca ainda no periodo neonatal

Progreso de la infección viral en mellizos hijos de madre infectada por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana / Progress of viral infection in twins borned from a human immunodeficiency virus infected mother

We studied the evolution of HIV-1 infection and immune response during six years in 2 twins born from an infected mother. The children had a continous progression of the infection, proved by CD4+ cell counts, serum anti-HIV antibodies, cultivable virus and proviral load. Now, both children are on antiviral treatment. The analysis of serum antibodies showed a different immune response in both children. One of them, developed higher levels of antibodies directed against viral proteins and synthetic peptides derived from their aminoacid sequence. In this child, the amount of cultivable virus increased less than in his twin. Nucleotide sequencing of a part of viral genoma, showed that the virus belonged to the B subtype, prevalent in America and Europe. The observed differences in viral sequences suggest a different selective pressure in both twins. This phenomenon could be related to the observed differences in immune response

Management of HIV infected pregnant women in Chonburi Hospital.

This study on birth control methods used, and HIV infection protection of the HIV infected pregnant women in the obstetrics-gynecology department of Chonburi Hospital from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 1993 revealed that there were 27 HIV infected women with less than 24 weeks gestational age, using birth control methods as such 12 women (44.44%) had tubal resection after abortion, 8 women (29.62%) oral contraceptive pills, 5 women (15.51%) injectable contraception, and 2 women (7.40%) norplants. The 106 HIV infected women with more than 24 weeks gestational age were allowed to deliver. The birth control methods were as follows: 19 women (17.92%) tubal resection, 38 women (35.84%) oral contraceptive pills, 49 women (46.22%) injectable contraception. They were all encouraged to use a condom while having sexual intercourse. Only 40 women of this group are still seen in the follow-up clinic and all are found to be healthy, the birth control is effective and HIV infection is in the early stage. The new born babies were not allowed to be breast fed and were followed-up periodically to 18 months old. Twenty five babies received HIV blood test; 7 babies (28%) were found to be HIV infected. The birth control and HIV infection protection used in this study demonstrate no adverse effects on the disease, and the unexpected problems of these women, as well as the health personnel concerned are reduced both economically and socially. This study provides the guidelines of good care for HIV infected pregnant women.